Discuss how the unwillingness to act against criminal activities happening in your community could increase the rate of crime making your environment unsafe.

• Perpetuation of Criminal Activities: When individuals fail to report criminal activities or refuse to cooperate with law enforcement officials, it can allow criminal activities to continue unabated. This can create an environment where criminals feel emboldened to continue committing crimes since they believe that they will not be caught or held accountable.

• Lack of Deterrence: The failure to act against criminal activities can also lead to a lack of deterrence. Criminals may feel that there is no risk associated with committing crimes in the community since there are no consequences for their actions.

• Increased Fear: When individuals do not take action against criminal activities in their community, it can create a sense of fear and uncertainty among community members. They may feel that they are not safe in their own community, and this can have a significant impact on their overall wellbeing and quality of life.

• Loss of Trust: If individuals in a community fail to take action against criminal activities, it can lead to a loss of trust among community members. People may begin to view each other with suspicion and distrust, and this can create an environment of division and hostility.

• Normalization of Criminal Behavior: When criminal activities are not addressed, they can become normalized within the community. This can lead to a situation where criminal behavior is seen as acceptable, and this can create a cycle of crime that is difficult to break.

Explain why the youth seem reluctant to play an active role in ensuring a clean and healthy-living environment in their communities.

• Lack of Awareness: Many young people may not fully understand the impact of an unclean environment on their health and wellbeing. They may not realize that a clean environment is essential for their overall quality of life and that of their community.

• Lack of Resources: Young people may lack the resources necessary to take action to improve their environment. For example, they may not have access to cleaning supplies or may not be able to afford proper waste disposal methods.

• Prioritizing other issues: Many young people may be preoccupied with other issues such as education, employment, and personal relationships, which take priority over community initiatives. This may result in a lack of motivation to participate in community initiatives aimed at improving the environment.

• Lack of Leadership: Some young people may feel that they lack the leadership skills necessary to take on such initiatives. They may feel that their contributions will not make a significant impact or that they will not be taken seriously by other community members.

• Social Norms: The cultural and social norms in some communities may discourage young people from taking on leadership roles and actively participating in community initiatives. In some cases, young people may feel that they do not have the right to voice their opinions or take action on issues that affect their community. 

State THREE ways in which a filthy living environment could negatively impact the general wellbeing of those living in it.

• Increased risk of illnesses and infections: Living in a filthy environment can expose individuals to harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that can cause various illnesses, such as respiratory infections, gastrointestinal diseases, and skin infections. This can lead to frequent sickness and weakened immune systems, which can further deteriorate one's health and wellbeing.

• Mental health problems: A cluttered and dirty living space can also negatively affect one's mental health. Studies have shown that living in a messy and disorganized environment can increase stress levels and feelings of anxiety and depression. Additionally, the feeling of being overwhelmed by a dirty environment can also contribute to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness.

• Physical hazards: A filthy living environment can pose physical hazards that can lead to injuries and accidents. For example, cluttered spaces can increase the risk of tripping and falling, while mold and mildew growth can cause respiratory problems and allergic reactions. In extreme cases, vermin infestations and structural damage can pose significant dangers to the health and safety of individuals living in the environment.

Clarify why the Bill of rights provides for Section 36 which sets limits to the exercise of all the rights in South Africa.

Section 36 of the South African Constitution is known as the Limitation Clause, and it sets out the conditions under which the rights contained in the Bill of Rights may be limited. The Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of South Africa's constitutional democracy, and it sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms that all South Africans are entitled to.

However, the Constitution recognizes that there may be times when these rights need to be limited in the interests of other important values, such as national security, public order, or the protection of the rights of others. Section 36 provides a framework for determining when and how such limitations may be imposed

The purpose of Section 36 is to ensure that any limitations on rights are reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality, and freedom. This means that any limitation must be aimed at achieving a legitimate aim, such as protecting public safety, and must be proportional to the harm that it seeks to prevent.

Explain why it is important for the youth to always ensure cyber-safety when they communicate on social media.

• Protection of Personal Information: Social media platforms require users to provide personal information, including their full name, birth date, and location, which can be accessed by anyone. Cyber-criminals can exploit this information to steal their identity, commit fraud, and carry out other malicious activities.

• Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying is a widespread problem on social media, and the youth are the most vulnerable. Cyberbullies can hide behind anonymous usernames, spread hateful messages, and harass their victims online. Cyber-safety measures such as blocking, reporting, and limiting social media usage can help prevent cyberbullying.

• Exposure to Inappropriate Content: Social media is home to a vast amount of inappropriate content, including violent, sexually explicit, and hate speech. Exposure to this content can negatively impact the mental and emotional health of the youth. Cyber-safety measures such as filtering and parental controls can help mitigate the risks.

• Reputation Damage: Social media content can have a significant impact on one's reputation, and the youth should be mindful of what they post online. Cyber-safety measures such as thinking before posting, limiting online sharing, and understanding the privacy settings can help protect their reputation.

• Cybersecurity: Social media is a prime target for cyber-attacks, and the youth should be vigilant of suspicious links, emails, and messages. Cyber-safety measures such as using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and updating software can help prevent cyber-attacks.

Give TWO examples of services that are provided by municipalities which are meant to ensure “safe and healthy living environments” to communities and state ONE reason why most South Africans still live under filthy conditions.

• Waste management: Municipalities are responsible for collecting and disposing of waste in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. This includes providing bins for waste disposal, collecting waste regularly, and ensuring that waste is disposed of in designated landfills.

• Environmental health services: Municipalities are also responsible for providing environmental health services such as monitoring water quality, inspecting food premises, and controlling pests and diseases that can cause health hazards.

What is meant by the term “Bill of rights” and indicate TWO reasons why discriminatory behaviour in South Africa continues despite the existence of the Bill of rights.

A Bill of Rights is a document that outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to. In South Africa, the Bill of Rights is enshrined in the country's constitution and sets out the basic human rights that are protected by law.

Two reasons why discriminatory behavior in South Africa continues despite the existence of the Bill of Rights are:

• Lack of enforcement: Although the Bill of Rights guarantees certain rights and freedoms, the government may fail to enforce these rights. This can be due to a lack of political will or resources, as well as corruption and inefficiencies within the justice system. Discriminatory behavior may continue because perpetrators are not held accountable for their actions. 

Clarify why the Bill of rights provides for Section 36 which sets limits to the exercise of all the rights in South Africa.  

• Structural inequality: Discriminatory behavior may also persist due to structural inequalities that have been inherited from South Africa's apartheid past. Despite significant progress in redressing the imbalances created by apartheid, many people still face socio-economic challenges that make them vulnerable to discrimination. For example, poverty, unemployment, and inadequate access to education and healthcare can limit opportunities and perpetuate discrimination against certain groups.

Define the term “human rights violation” and state TWO factors that could contribute to acts of human rights violation in households.

Human rights violation refers to any action that deprives an individual or a group of people of their basic human rights. Human rights violations can occur in various forms, including discrimination, abuse, neglect, torture, and denial of essential needs.

Two factors that could contribute to acts of human rights violation in households are:

• Lack of education and awareness: Many individuals may not be aware of what human rights are or how to identify when their rights are being violated. This lack of education and awareness can make them vulnerable to being victimized and allow human rights violations to occur.

What is meant by the term “Bill of rights” and indicate TWO reasons why discriminatory behaviour in South Africa continues despite the existence of the Bill of rights. 

• Power imbalances: In households where there is a power imbalance, such as between parents and children, spouses, or caregivers and vulnerable persons, there is a higher risk of human rights violations occurring. For example, an abusive parent may use their power to control and harm their children, or a caregiver may exploit and neglect an elderly person who is dependent on them.

Suggest ways in which the youth could promote respect for human rights within their school premises.

• Organize awareness campaigns: Young people can organize awareness campaigns within their schools to educate their peers about human rights. These campaigns can include posters, social media campaigns, and information booths, among other things.

• Start a human rights club: Young people can start a human rights club within their school. This club can focus on discussing human rights issues, organizing events, and advocating for the protection of human rights.

• Volunteer for human rights organizations: Young people can volunteer for human rights organizations within their community. This can include working with organizations that focus on issues such as gender equality, racial justice, and environmental protection.

• Speak out against human rights abuses: When young people witness human rights abuses within their school or community, they should speak out against them. This can include reporting incidents to school administrators or local authorities.

• Foster a culture of respect: Young people can foster a culture of respect within their school by treating others with kindness and empathy. This can include being inclusive and welcoming to people from diverse backgrounds and standing up against bullying and discrimination.

• Conduct human rights workshops: The youth can organize workshops to educate their peers on specific human rights issues such as gender equality, racial discrimination, and child rights. They can invite guest speakers to conduct these workshops and encourage discussions to increase awareness and understanding.

• Advocate for human rights policies: The youth can advocate for the inclusion of human rights policies within the school's code of conduct. They can work with school management to ensure that human rights are respected and protected within the school.

• Engage with the broader community: The youth can engage with the broader community to promote human rights. They can organize campaigns, participate in rallies, and create networks with other human rights groups to amplify their voices and promote human rights advocacy beyond the school premises.

Indicate how cyber-bullying could negatively impact the dignity of a school going youth.

• Emotional distress: Cyber-bullying can cause emotional distress to a young person. Repeated negative comments, harassment, and humiliation can make them feel anxious, depressed, and isolated. This can lead to a loss of self-esteem, a lack of confidence, and feelings of worthlessness.

• ocial isolation: Cyber-bullying can also lead to social isolation. Young people who are bullied may feel too ashamed or embarrassed to talk to their peers or adults about what they are experiencing. This can lead to a lack of social interaction, which can negatively impact their social development.

• Academic performance: Cyber-bullying can also have an impact on academic performance. Children who are bullied may find it difficult to concentrate on their studies and may even skip school to avoid the harassment. This can lead to poor academic performance and, in severe cases, dropping out of school.

• Mental health problems: Cyber-bullying can also cause mental health problems. Some young people may develop anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders as a result of the constant harassment and negativity they experience online

• Self-harm and suicide: In extreme cases, cyber-bullying can lead to self-harm or even suicide. Young people who feel like they have no way out may turn to self-harm or suicidal behavior as a means of escape.